C-Section: Excluded studies

Inclusion criteria 1 not fulfilled: women undergoing elective C-Section

AbdElBarr, T., N.A. Elshalakany,
and Y.M. Shafik, Single dose spinal
analgesia: Is it a good alternative to epidural analgesia in controlling
labour pain? Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2014.

Allen, T.K., C.A. Jones, and A.S.
Habib, Dexamethasone for the
prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting associated with neuraxial
morphine administration: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2012. 114(4):
p. 813-822.

Anim-Somuah, M., M.D. Smyth
Rebecca, and L. Jones Epidural versus
non-epidural or no analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, 2011. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub3.

Armand, S., et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of
extradural clonidine to relieve postoperative pain: an impossible task
(Structured abstract). British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1998. 126-134.

Bloor, M., M.J. Paech, and R.
Kaye, Tramadol in pregnancy and
lactation. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 2012. 21(2): p. 163-167.

Bricker, L. and T. Lavender Parenteral opioids for labor pain relief:
a systematic review (Structured abstract). American Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, 2002. S94-s109.

Buvanendran, A. and J.S. Kroin, Multimodal analgesia for controlling acute
postoperative pain. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 2009. 22(5): p. 588-593.

Campbell, D.C., et al., Intrathecal morphine for postpartum tubal
ligation postoperative analgesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2001. 93(4): p. 1006-1011.

Eriksson, S.L., et al. A comparison of three doses of sufentanil
in combination with bupivacaine-adrenaline in continuous epidural analgesia
during labour. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2000. 919-23.

10.

Gambling, D.R., et al., A comparative study of patient controlled
epidural analgesia (PCEA) and continuous infusion epidural analgesia (CIEA)
during labour. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1988. 35(3 I): p. 249-254.

11.

Hicks, J.A., et al., Continuous epidural infusion of 0.075%
bupivacaine for pain relief in labour. A comparison with intermittent top-ups
of 0.5% bupivacaine. Anaesthesia, 1988. 43(4): p. 289-292.

12.

Hillyard, S.G., et al., Extending epidural analgesia for emergency
Caesarean section: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2011.
107(5): p. 668-678.

13.

Jain, S., et al. Analgesic efficacy of intramuscular
opioids versus epidural analgesia in labor. International journal of
gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International
Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2003. 19-27.

14.

Karambelkar, D.J. and S.
Ramanathan, 2-Chloroprocaine antagonism
of epidural morphine analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica,
1997. 41(6): p. 774-778.

15.

Le Guen, H., et al., Comparison of fentanyl and sufentanil in
combination with bupivacaine for patient-controlled epidural analgesia during
labor. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 2001. 13(2): p. 98-102.

16.

Ledin Eriksson, S., et al., A comparison of three doses of sufentanil
in combination with bupivacaine-adrenaline in continuous epidural analgesia
during labour. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2000. 44(8): p. 919-923.

17.

Sunshine, A., et al., Analgesic efficacy of two
ibuprofen-codeine combinations for the treatment of postepisiotomy and
postoperative pain. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1987. 42(4): p. 374-380.

18.

Sunshine, A., et al. A double-blind, parallel comparison of
ketoprofen, aspirin, and placebo in patients with postpartum pain.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1986. 706-11.

19.

Sunshine, A., I. Zighelboim, and
N.Z. Olson, A comparative oral
analgesic study of indoprofen, aspirin, and placebo in postpartum pain.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1985. 25(5):
p. 374-380.

Inclusion criteria 2 not fulfilled: interventions affecting postoperative pain

Beltran-Montoya, J.J., et al., A randomized, clinical trial of ketorolac
tromethamine vs ketorolac trometamine plus complex B vitamins for cesarean
delivery analgesia. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 2012. 6(3): p. 207-212.

Doughtery, T.B., et al., Epidural hydromorphone with and without
epinephrine for post-operative analgesia after cesarean delivery.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, 1989. 68(3):
p. 318-322.

Elson, J.A. and M.J. Paech, EMLA cream prior to insertion of elective
epidurals. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 1995. 23(3): p. 339-341.

Karbasfrushan, A., et al., Effect of intrathecal midazolam in the
severity of pain in cesarean section: A randomized controlled trail.
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 2012. 14(5): p. 276-282.

Ngan Kee, W.D., K.S. Khaw, and
M.L. Ma, The effect of the addition of
adrenaline to pethidine for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after
Caesarean section. Anaesthesia, 1998. 53(10): p. 1012-1016.

Olden, A.J., et al., Patients’ versus nurses’ assessments of
pain and sedation after cesarean section. Journal of obstetric,
gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN / NAACOG, 1995. 24(2): p. 137-141.

Richardson, M.G., H.V. Collins,
and R.N. Wissler, Intrathecal hypobaric
versus hyperbaric bupivacaine with morphine for cesarean section.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, 1998. 87(2):
p. 336-340.

Semple, A.J., et al., Effect of the addition of adrenaline to
extradural diamorphine analgesia after Caesarean section. British Journal
of Anaesthesia, 1988. 60(6): p.
632-638.

Shende, D., G.M. Cooper, and M.I.
Bowden The influence of intrathecal
fentanyl on the characteristics of subarachnoid block for caesarean section.
Anaesthesia, 1998. 706-10.

10.

Valentine, J.M., G. Lyons, and
M.C. Bellamy The effect of intrathecal
midazolam on post-operative pain. European Journal of Anaesthesiology,
1996. 589-93.

Inclusion criteria 3 not fulfilled: relevant outcome reported

Alahuhta, S., et al. Visceral pain during caesarean section
under spinal and epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine. Acta
Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1990. 95-8.

Amin, S.M., et al., Maternal and neonatal effects of
nalbuphine given immediately before induction of general anesthesia for
elective cesarean section. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 2011. 5(4): p. 371-375.

Arzola, C. and P.M. Wieczorek, Efficacy of low-dose bupivacaine in spinal
anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2011. 107(3):
p. 308-318.

Behdad, S., et al., Remifentanil at induction of general
anesthesia for cesarean section: Double blind, randomized clinical trial.
Colombia Medica, 2013. 44(2): p.
87-91.

Bjornestad, E., et al., Epidural ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ml for
elective Caesarean section: A double- blind comparison of efficacy and
tolerability with bupivacaine 5 mg/ml. Acta Anaesthesiologica
Scandinavica, 1999. 43(6): p.
603-608.

Braga, A.A., et al., Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.
Use of hyperbaric bupivacaine (10mg) combined with different adjuvants.
Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, 2012. 62(6): p. 775-787.

Braga Ade, F., et al. Sufentanil added to hyperbaric bupivacaine
for subarachnoid block in Caesarean section. European Journal of
Anaesthesiology, 2003. 631-5.

Breen, T.W. and J.A. Janzen, Epidural fentanyl and Caesarean section:
When should fentanyl be given? Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1992. 39(4): p. 317-322.

Chen, X., et al., Intrathecal sufentanil decreases the
median effective dose (ED50) of intrathecal hyperbaric ropivacaine for
caesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2010. 54(3): p. 284-290.

10.

Cheng, C.R., et al., A comparative study of the safety and
efficacy of 0.5% levobupivacaine and 0.5% bupivacaine for epidural anesthesia
in subjects undergoing elective Caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica
Sinica, 2002. 40(1): p. 13-20.

11.

Choi, D.H., H.J. Ahn, and J.A.
Kim, Combined low-dose spinal-epidural
anesthesia versus single-shot spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean
delivery. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 2006. 15(1): p. 13-17.

12.

Choi, D.H., et al., Effects of epidural injection on spinal
block during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2000. 25(6): p. 591-595.

13.

Choi, H.J., et al. Pulse oximetry for monitoring during ward
analgesia: epidural morphine versus parenteral narcotics. Journal of
clinical monitoring, 1989. 87-9.

14.

Christelis, N., J. Harrad, and
P.R. Howell, A comparison of epidural
ropivacaine 0.75% and bupivacaine 0.5% with fentanyl for elective caesarean
section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 2005. 14(3): p. 212-218.

15.

Crosby, E., et al., Comparison of epidural anaesthesia with
ropivacaine 0.5% and bupivacaine 0.5% for caesarean section. Canadian
journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d’anesthésie, 1998. 45(11): p. 1066-1071.

16.

D’Ambrosio, A., et al., The anaesthetic and recovery profile of
two concentrations (0.25% and 0.50%), of intrathecal isobaric levobupivacaine
for combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anaesthesia in patients undergoing
modified Stark method caesarean delivery: A double blinded randomized trial.
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2013. 17(23): p. 3229-3236.

17.

Dann, W.L., A. Hutchinson, and
D.P. Cartwright Maternal and neonatal
responses to alfentanil administered before induction of general anaesthesia
for caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1987. 1392-6.

18.

Doganay, M., E.A. Tonguc, and T.
Var Effects of method of uterine repair
on surgical outcome of cesarean delivery. International journal of
gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International
Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2010. 175-8.

19.

Draisci, G., et al., Remifentanil for cesarean section under
general anesthesia: effects on maternal stress hormone secretion and neonatal
well-being: a randomized trial. International Journal of Obstetric
Anesthesia, 2008. 17(2): p.
130-136.

20.

Dutton, D.A., D.D. Moir, and H.B.
Howie, Choice of local anaesthetic drug
for extradural caesarean section. Comparison of 0.5% and 0.75% bupivacaine
and 1.5% etidocaine. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1984. 56(12): p. 1361-1368.

21.

Feng, S.W., et al., Addition of adrenaline to chloroprocaine
provides a moderate duration time for epidural anaesthesia in elective
caesarean section. Journal of International Medical Research, 2012. 40(3): p. 1099-1107.

22.

Frolich, M.A., et al., A single dose of fentanyl and midazolam
prior to Cesarean section have no adverse neontal effects. Canadian
Journal of Anesthesia, 2006. 53(1):
p. 79-85.

23.

Gaggero, G., et al., Alkalinization of lidocaine 2% does not
influence the quality of epidural anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section.
Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1995. 42(12):
p. 1080-1084.

24.

Gaiser, R.R., et al., Epidural lidocaine for cesarean delivery
of the distressed fetus. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia,
1998. 7(1): p. 27-31.

25.

Gautier, P., et al., Comparison of the effects of intrathecal
ropivacaine, levobupivacaine, and bupivacaine for Caesarean section.
British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2003. 91(5):
p. 684-689.

26.

Gin, T., et al., Alfentanil given immediately before the
induction of anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesia and
Analgesia, 2000. 90(5): p.
1167-1172.

27.

Ginosar, Y., et al., ED50 and ED95 of intrathecal hyperbaric
bupivacaine coadministered with opioids for cesarean delivery.
Anesthesiology, 2004. 100(3): p.
676-682.

28.

Gunaydin, B. and E.D. Tan Intrathecal hyperbaric or isobaric
bupivacaine and ropivacaine with fentanyl for elective caesarean section.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal
of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and
Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal
Obstetricians, 2010. 1481-6 DOI: 10.3109/14767051003678051.

29.

Gunusen, I., et al., A randomized comparison of different doses
of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl for elective cesarean
ection: Prospective, double-blinded study. Journal of Anesthesia, 2011. 25(2): p. 205-212.

30.

Heesen, M., et al., Meta-analysis of remifentanil for
caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2013. 57(1): p. 29-36.

31.

Helbo-Hansen, H.S., et al., Neonatal effects of adding epidural
fentanyl to 0.5% bupivacaine for caesarean section. International Journal
of Obstetric Anesthesia, 1993. 2(1):
p. 27-33.

32.

Helbo-Hansen, S., et al., Subarachnoid versus epidural bupivacaine
0.5% for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1988. 32(6): p. 473-476.

33.

Hirabayashi, Y., et al., Visceral pain during Caesarean section:
Effect of varying dose of spinal amethocaine. British Journal of
Anaesthesia, 1995. 75(3): p.
266-268.

34.

Horta, M.L., L. Ramos, and Z.R.
Goncalves, The inhibition of epidural
morphine-induced pruritus by epidural droperidol. Anesthesia and
Analgesia, 2000. 90(3): p.
638-641.

35.

Hull, D.B. and M.W. Varner A randomized study of closure of the
peritoneum at cesarean delivery. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1991. 818-21.

36.

Imarengiaye, C.O., et al., Subarachnoid bupivacaine and pethidine for
caesarean section: assessment of quality of perioperative analgesia and side
effects. The Nigerian postgraduate medical journal, 2011. 18(3): p. 200-204.

37.

Ipe, S., et al. A comparative study of intrathecal and
epidural buprenorphine using combined spinal-epidural technique for caesarean
section. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2010. 205-9.

38.

Jacobs-Jokhan, D. and G.J.
Hofmeyr Extra-abdominal versus
intra-abdominal repair of the uterine incision at caesarean section.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2004. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000085.pub2.

39.

Jeon, Y., et al., Effects of epidural naloxone on pruritus
induced by epidural morphine: A randomized controlled trial. International
Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 2005. 14(1):
p. 22-25.

40.

Kampe, S., et al., Epidural block with ropivacaine and
bupivacaine for elective caesarean section: Maternal cardiovascular
parameters, comfort and neonatal well-being. Current Medical Research and
Opinion, 2004. 20(1): p. 7-12.

41.

King, M.J., M.I. Bowden, and G.M.
Cooper Epidural fentanyl and 0.5%
bupivacaine for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia, 1990. 285-8.

42.

Kiran, S. and N.K. Singal, A comparative study of three different doses
of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in elective caesarean
section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 2002. 11(3): p. 185-189.

43.

Lin, B.C., et al., The maternal and fetal effects of the
addition of sufentanil to 0.5% spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery.
Acta anaesthesiologica Sinica, 1998. 36(3):
p. 143-148.

44.

Mahajan, R., et al., Intrathecal fentanyl with low dose
hyperbaric bupivacaine for caesarean delivery in patients with pregnancy
induced hypertension. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology,
2005. 21(1): p. 51-58.

45.

Malhotra, S. and S.M. Yentis, Extending low-dose epidural analgesia in
labour for emergency caesarean section – A comparison of levobupivacaine with
or without fentanyl. Anaesthesia, 2007. 62(7): p. 667-671.

46.

Marucci, M., et al., Subarachnoid anaesthesia in caesarean
delivery: Effects on alertness. Minerva Anestesiologica, 2003. 69(11): p. 809-824.

47.

Mebazaa, M.S., et al., Reduction of bupivacaine dose in spinal
anaesthesia for caesarean section may improve maternal sat isfaction by
reducing incidence of low blood pressure episodes. Middle East Journal of
Anesthesiology, 2010. 20(5): p.
673-678.

48.

Noble, D.W., et al., Adrenaline, fentanyl or adrenaline and
fentanyl as adjuncts to bupivacaine for extradural anaesthesia in elective
caesarean section. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 1991. 66(6): p. 645-650.

49.

Paech, M.J., M.D. Westmore, and
H.M. Speirs, A double-blind comparison
of epidural bupivacaine and bupivacaine-fentanyl for caesarean section.
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 1990. 18(1):
p. 22-30.

50.

Parpaglioni, R., et al., Adding sufentanil to levobupivacaine or
ropivacaine intrathecal anaesthesia affects the minimum local anaesthetic
dose required. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2009. 53(9): p. 1214-1220.

51.

Patel, M., R. Craig, and R.
Laishley, A comparison between epidural
anaesthesia using alkalinized solution and spinal (combined spinal/epidural)
anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. International Journal of
Obstetric Anesthesia, 1996. 5(4):
p. 236-239.

52.

Patrick, J.A., et al. A comparison of epidural diamorphine with
intramuscular papaveretum following caesarean section. International
Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 1991. 25-28.

53.

Pradhan, B., Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: comparison of 5.0% lignocaine
and 0.5% bupivacaine. Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 2010. 12(1): p. 30-33.

54.

Prasanna, A. and K. Sharma, Pre incision analgesia prevents immediate
incidental pain after LSCS – randomised blinded study. Journal of
Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 2010. 26(3): p. 375-378.

55.

Rawal, N., J. Schollin, and G.
Wesström Epidural versus combined
spinal epidural block for cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiologica
Scandinavica, 1988. 61-6.

56.

Sanansilp, V., S. Areewatana, and
N. Tonsukchai Droperidol and the side
effects of epidural morphine after cesarean section. Anesthesia and
Analgesia, 1998. 532-7.

57.

Shapiro, A., et al., Anaesthesia for caesarean delivery:
Low-dose epidural bupivacaine plus fentanyl. International Journal of
Obstetric Anesthesia, 1998. 7(1):
p. 23-26.

58.

Sharwood-Smith, G., V. Clark, and
E. Watson, Regional anaesthesia for
caesarean section in severe preeclampsia: Spinal anaesthesia is the preferred
choice. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 1999. 8(2): p. 85-89.

59.

Tackley, R.M. and A.J. Coe, Alkalinised bupivacaine and adrenaline for
epidural Caesarean section. A comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine.
Anaesthesia, 1988. 43(12): p.
1019-1021.

60.

Teoh, W.H., E. Thomas, and H.M.
Tan Ultra-low dose combined
spinal-epidural anesthesia with intrathecal bupivacaine 3.75 mg for cesarean
delivery: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of
Obstetric Anesthesia, 2006. 273-8 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2006.03.004.

61.

Van De Velde, M., et al., Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for
cesarean delivery: Dose-dependent effects of hyperbaric bupivacaine on
maternal hemodynamics. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2006. 103(1): p. 187-190.

62.

Xavier, P., et al., The modified Misgav-Ladach versus the
Pfannenstiel-Kerr technique for cesarean section: A randomized trial.
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 2005. 84(9): p. 878-882.

63.

Yee, I., et al., A comparison of two doses of epidural
fentanyl during Caesarean section. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1993.
40(8): p. 722-725.

Inclusion criteria 4 not fulfilled: randomised controlled trial

Ansaloni, L., et al., Prospective, randomized, comparative study
of Misgav Ladach versus traditional cesarean section at Nazareth Hospital,
Kenya. World Journal of Surgery, 2001. 25(9): p. 1164-1172.

Asantila, R., et al. Epidural analgesia with 4 mg of morphine
after caesarean section: Modulating effect of epidural block compared to
general anaesthesia. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 1995.
89-92.

Asantila, R., P. Eklund, and P.H.
Rosenberg Epidural analgesia with 4 mg
of morphine following caesarean section: effect of injected volume. Acta
Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1993. 764-7.

Atabekoglu, C.S., et al., Closure vs non-closure of peritoneum at
caesarean section: Evaluation of pain. Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, 2011. 31(4): p.
307-310.

Bamigboye Anthony, A. and G.J.
Hofmeyr Closure versus non-closure of
the peritoneum at caesarean section. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews, 2003. DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD000163.

Brownridge, P. and D.B. Frewin, A comparative study of techniques of
postoperative analgesia following Caesarean section and lower abdominal
surgery. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 1985. 13(2): p. 123-130.

Cade, L., J. Ashley, and A.W.
Ross Comparison of epidural and
intravenous opioid analgesia after elective caesarean section.
Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 1992. 41-5.

Campanella, F., et al., Levobupivacaine use in caesarean delivery:
Assessment of its efficacy with and without adjuvant therapy. Acta
Anaesthesiologica Italica / Anaesthesia and Intensive Care in Italy, 2009. 60(2): p. 127-135.

Chalmers, P.C., et al., Double-blind comparison of intravenous
nalbuphine and placebo in the amelioration of side-effects of epidural
narcotics. Pain Clinic, 1988. 2(1):
p. 49-56.

10.

Chen, B.J. and W.F. Kwan, Spinal and epidural opioids in obstetrics.
Progress in Anesthesiology, 1996. 10(13):
p. 231-242+244.

11.

Ebong, E., C. Mato, and S.
Fyneface-Ogan, Pre-Incisional
Intravenous Low-Dose Ketamine Does Not Cause Pre-Emptive Analgesic Effect
Following Caesarean Section under Spinal Anaesthesia. J Anesth Clinic
Res, 2011. 2(5): p. 138.

12.

Ghahiry, A., et al., Comparative analysis of long-term outcomes
of Misgav Ladach technique cesarean section and traditional cesarean section.
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 2012. 38(10): p. 1235-1239.

13.

Idowu, O.A., A.A. Sanusi, and
O.R. Eyelade, Effects of intrathecally
administered fentanyl on duration of analgesia in patients undergoing spinal
anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. African journal of medicine
and medical sciences, 2011. 40(3):
p. 213-219.

14.

Kanazi, G.E., et al., The analgesic efficacy of subarachnoid
morphine in comparison with ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane
block after cesarean delivery: A randomized controlled trial. Obstetrical
and Gynecological Survey, 2010. 65(12):
p. 757-758.

15.

Karaman, S., et al., The maternal and neonatal effects of the
volatile anaesthetic agents desflurane and sevoflurane in caesarean section:
A prospective, randomized clinical study. Journal of International
Medical Research, 2006. 34(2): p.
183-192.

16.

Komoto, Y., et al., Prospective study of non-closure or
closure of the peritoneum at cesarean delivery in 124 women: Impact of prior
peritoneal closure at primary cesarean on the interval time between first
cesarean section and the next pregnancy and significant adhesion at second
cesarean. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 2006. 32(4): p. 396-402.

17.

Korbon, G.A., D.J. James, and
J.M. Verlander, Intramuscular naloxone
reverses the side effects of epidural morphine while preserving analgesia.
Regional Anesthesia, 1985. 10(1):
p. 16-20.

18.

Onishi, Y., et al., Transversus abdominis plane block provides
postoperative analgesic effects after cesarean section: additional analgesia
to epidural morphine alone. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
research, 2013. 39(9): p.
1397-1405.

19.

Pan, P.H., Post cesarean delivery pain management: multimodal approach.
International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 2006. 15(3): p. 185-188.

20.

Rasooli, S. and F. Moslemi, Effects of varying doses of spinal 0.25%
hyperbaric bupivacaine on visceral pain in cesarean section. Journal of
Medical Sciences, 2007. 7(1): p.
136-140.

21.

Rayburn, W.F., et al. Patient-controlled analgesia for
post-cesarean section pain. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1988. 136-9.

22.

Tan, M., Post-cesarean analgesia. Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care,
2012. 2(3): p. 128-132.

23.

Tuijl, I., et al. The effect of addition of intrathecal
clonidine to hyperbaric bupivacaine on postoperative pain and morphine
requirements after Caesarean section: a randomized controlled trial.
British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2006. 365-70 DOI: 10.1093/bja/ael182.

24.

Tuuli, M.G., et al., Staples compared with subcuticular suture
for skin closure after cesarean delivery: A systematic review and
meta-analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2011. 117(3): p. 682-690.

25.

Yeh, Y.C., et al. Differential analgesic effect of tenoxicam
on post-cesarean uterine cramping pain between primiparous and multiparous
women. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 2005. 647-51.

26.

Zakowski, M.I.,
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